China continues exerting influence in Italy through academic partnerships at 12 universities with Confucius Institutes, online hybrid operations leveraging social media, and cultural suppression despite Italy's withdrawal from the Belt and Road Initiative in December...

Russia has shifted its disinformation strategy to flooding the internet with millions of misleading articles designed to be scraped by AI-driven tools, engaging in LLM grooming to train large language models like ChatGPT to reproduce...

Russian disinformation operations in Africa deploy thousands of agents, proxies, Kremlin-controlled media outlets, co-opted journalists, and paid influencers to weave compelling propaganda narratives across the continent. On 22 October 2025, the European Council on Foreign...