Vox
Vox (VOX) – Spain is a national conservative political party in Spain, founded on 17 December 2013 following a split from the People’s Party (PP). It is led by Santiago Abascal and has rapidly gained influence, entering the Spanish Parliament in 2019 and becoming the country’s third-largest party. Vox promotes strong Spanish national unity (opposing regional autonomy), strict immigration enforcement, socially conservative values, economic liberalism combined with nationalist protectionism, Euroscepticism, and a cultural-Christian identity. Its rise marks Spain’s shift away from its post-transition political exceptionalism. The party positions itself as “right-wing without complexes” and has formed alliances with other far-right parties across Europe.
Sources:
Vox (political party) – Wikipedia
Vox: Who are Spain’s far-right party and what do they stand for? – Euronews
Rise of the far-right: what’s behind the popularity of Vox in Spain? – The Week
Spain’s Vox Party Is the Center of the Global Far Right – Jacobin
Who are Vox, and who are their voters? – LSE EuroPP Blog